Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory

Scientific Method Theory By Fedrick Taylor And Human Relations Theory (Hawthorne Studies) By Elton Mayo Student Name: Subject: Human Relations Date: 14th October, 2010 The Scientific Management Theory (Taylorism) In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management, in which he described how the application of the scientific method to the management of workers greatly could improve productivity. Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way that tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequence of motions in the one best way. Before the scientific management theory, work tasks†¦show more content†¦No attention for soft factors. * Mechanistic. Treating people as machines. * Separation of planning function and doing. * Loss of skill level and autonomy at worker level. Not very useful in current knowledge worker environments (except as an antithesis). The Human Relations Theory (The Hawthorne Effect) The Hawthorne Studies (or experiments) were conducted from 1927 to 1932 at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago, where Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo examined productivity and work conditions. Elton Mayo started these experiments by examining the physical and environmental influences of the workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and later, moved into the psychological aspects (e.g. breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial leadership) and their impact on employee motivation as it applies to productivity. The Hawthorne Effect can be summarized as Employees are more productive because the employees know they are being studied. Elton Mayos experiments showed an increase in worker productivity was produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out, involved, and made to feel important. Specifically, Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature and humidity. In the process, he stumbled upon a principle of human motivation that would help to revolutionize the theory andShow MoreRelatedClassical Vs. Constitutional Typology1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe first of the theories is physiological is the physiological characteristics of people. Simple descriptions of behavior through to suggestions that characteristics are the result of different kinds of physiology. Now, there are two subcategories are classical and constitutional typology. Classical typology comes from our old friends, the Greeks, who theorized about types and ‘humorous.’ The physician Hippocrates made what is probably the first attempt at a formal theory to account for differencesRead MoreInductive Deductive Research801 Words   |  4 PagesHussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008 Well begun is half done --Aristotle, quoting an old proverb 2 Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach 3 Deductive Research Approach THEORY HYPOTHESIS OBSERVATION Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called aRead MoreHofstede s Five Dimensions Of Culture Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdimensions of culture include: Small vs. large power distance (PD) – Society handles inequalities and the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.(G. Hofstede 1980) Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV) – Behavior towards community. The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups or are expected to look after themselves and self-actualize.(G. Hofstede 1980) Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS) – Behavior andRead MoreUnderstanding the Managers Job and Work Environment1666 Words   |  7 Pageswhile on the other hand top managers need to have skills that will help them to understand the financial workings of the organization. First-level managers need skill in scheduling workers and preparing budgets. Interpersonal skill deals with human relations, or how the manager is able to interact effectively with the organizational members. When it comes to management communication is a critical part of interpersonal skill, and possessing the inability to communicate effectively with others can inhibitRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Meeting 11539 Words   |  7 PagesBehavior RAGIL SRIHARTO What is OB? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The field that seeks increased knowledge of all aspects of behavior in organizational setting by systematically studying individual, group, and organizational process. OB Characteristics †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Applies the scientific method to practical managerial problems –†¯ How can goals be set to enhance people’s job performance? –†¯ Under what conditions do individuals make better decision than groups? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Focuses on three level of analysis: –†¯ Individuals (work attitude, motivation)Read MoreCompare and Contrast the Management Theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas Mcgregor. in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Similar and/or Compatible? in What Sense(S) Are These Theories Dissimilar and/or Compatible? How Wo...1899 Words   |  8 Pagesand Henri Fayol generating management theories such as Taylor’ Scientific Management and Fayol’s Administrative Management. In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s the Hawthorne studies were conducted where Elton Mayo was the predominate figure and contributed to the Behavioural viewpoint. This brought about a Human Relations Movement which included Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y approach. Similarities and differences can be found between the theories due to the relevant time period they wereRead MoreCompare The Management Theories Of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo And Douglas Mcgregor1855 Words   |  8 Pagesand Henri Fayol generating management theories such as Taylor’ Scientific Management and Fayol’s Administrative Management. In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s the Hawthorne studies were conducted where Elton Mayo was the predominate figure and contributed to the Behavioural viewpoint. This brought about a Human Relations Movement which included Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y approach. Similarities and differences can be found between the theories due to the relevant time period they wereRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has itsRead Morefounding fathers of sociology1117 Words   |  5 Pagesdefined as the scientific study of society and human behavior. It tries to acquire knowledge about society, and about how the humans making up these societies interact with each other. Auguste Comte was the first true father of sociology. He was the person who coined the term â€Å"sociology†. Other sociologist who can also be called the founding fathers of sociology include Weber, Marx, Engels and Durkheim. In this essay I will be looking at where these sociologists came from and the theories they came upRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurtu re refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human development is the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior

Relationship Between Europeans And American Indians

Zain Alvi Explain how mutual understandings and cultural interactions affected the relationship between Europeans and American Indians. How did these groups eventually adapt to each other? Confine your answer to pre Columbian society to 1607. At the beginning of this time period, European settlers were attracted to the Americas in hopes of gaining land and spreading Christianity. Initially, the settlers established a friendly relationship with the natives, relying on them to learn skills like farming, hunting, and fishing, while the Indians traded with the Europeans for advanced technologies like guns and metal tools. However, the cultures of both groups clashed creating conflicts. The Native Americans believed that no one owned land, as†¦show more content†¦Bartolomà © de Las Casa was a priest who, because of his familiarity with the Bible and its message of equality, questioned the enslavement of the American Indians and had tried to convince the colonists to stop mistreating the natives thus writing about the American Indians in a positive fashion. The Spanish had also tried to force the Indians to convert to Catholicism, which went against their culture. The Spanish ignored the spiritual beliefs of the indig enous people and imposed their European ideals onto them. This disregard for the native’s religion caused the Indians to resent the Europeans and further worsened their relationship (Spain authorizes Coronado’s conquest in the Southwest, 1540). Francisco Garcia de Loaysa, the president of the Council of the Indies, sent a message to Coronado, a Spanish explorer, to go and find riches to support the mother country. He wrote on behalf of the king to preserve his job and keep making a living. The European desire to spread religion stemmed from the Pope. The Pope’s authorization justified the European dominance of Indians and made the natives angry but powerless to defend themselves. The Pope wanted European culture to dominate the Indians, causing the natives to lose their way of life (The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493). Pope Alexander VI was the Catholic leader. He wanted to spread the religion, so he allowed for the Spanish to monopolize the New World because they were heavilyShow MoreRelatedBeaver Wars and the Relationship between Europeans and American Indians2919 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿The Beaver Wars and the European/American Indian Relationship Introduction Genocide is not a feature of warfare or rule that can be unilaterally blamed on European nations. It was a natural outgrowth of a peoples desire to devastate another group of people for some purpose such as to steal land or gain an economic advantage. The Europeans who sailed to North America were skilled in this particular form of warfare having practiced it on one another for centuries, but they did not have to introduceRead MoreThe Book Skull Wars By Kennewick Man962 Words   |  4 PagesAnthropology and its relationship between American Indians and European Descent. This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feedRead MoreThe Wealth of the New World948 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishment of European Colonies in the New World brought forward the challenge of overcoming the diversity among the Indian society. Invading was a simpler task for European colonist compared to adapting into a new environment away from their Mother Country. A major clash of cultures, ideas, religions, and the people as well as a lack of compromise contributed to the decrease of the Indian population in the history of the United States. Through the relationship between the Northeastern Indians and theRead MoreRelationships Among The Natives And Europeans1070 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Relationships among the Natives and Europeans The stories regarding the Native Americans and European settlers all commence somewhat similar: the Natives welcome and help sustain the Europeans in the start. They become an instrumental piece to the European survival in the Americas. The relationship starts to change, however, as settlers grow independent. In some instances, when there is only personal gain to be acquired, the relationship becomes a simple trade relationship. In otherRead MoreRelationship Between Native Americans And The British, French, Spanish, And Dutch1501 Words   |  7 Pagesput together, there is assimilation and anguish. This is shown by the Native Americans and the Europeans, when the latter came to the Americas in hope of land and wealth, which did not belong to them. The Europeans encountered great diversity when stepping foot into the Americas. Cultures of the Indians had them shocked; while they regarded them as â€Å"noble savages,† the Indians had a society much more complex than any Europe an society. They had language, government, social organization, and intellectRead MoreThe Colonization Of Europeans Into The North America1555 Words   |  7 Pagestime period between the 1600s and 1700s was a time of a major change in the land of the New World. The colonization of Europeans into the North America had considerable impacts on the Native American lives. European empire at the time, such as the French, England and Spanish empires, often fought against each other for power and control. After the European tried to colonized, the Native American suddenly found themselves dealing with European power politics. The arrival of Europeans into the NewRead MoreEssay Early European Exploration1055 Words   |  5 PagesEarly European Exploration European explorers first landed on the shores of what would later become North America more than 500 years ago. Not long after the first explorers had entered the New World they found out that they were not alone on this new frontier. Their neighbors in this new land were the Native Americans who had been there for centuries, virtually unaware of life outside the continent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlersRead MoreRacial Fault Lines Paper965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe different racial experiences of four â€Å"non-white† groups; Mexicans, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. The way the â€Å"white† treated the power minorities resulted into America’s racial hierarchy we find in today. To the European Americans â€Å"race and the racialization process in California became the central organizing principle of group life during the state’s formative period of development,† (Almaguer 7). The European American population took it upon themselves to create â€Å"new society† in CaliforniaRead MoreRelationship Between The English And The Native Americans1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar of the Change The relationship between the English and the Native Americans in 1600 to 1700 is one of the most fluctuating and the most profound relationships in American history. On the one side of the picture, the harmony between Wampanoag and Puritans even inspires them to celebrate â€Å"first Thanksgiving†; while, by contrast, the conflicts between the Pequots and the English urge them to antagonize each other, and even wage a war. In addition, the mystery of why the European settlers, includingRead MoreThe Establishment Of The Original Thirteen British Colonies871 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishment of the original thirteen British colonies was not the first time that foreigners had reached the present-day powerhouse of a country, which is the United States of America. One example of Europeans in North America before the colonists was the French fur traders had frequently traded with the Native Americans. However, when the settlers arrived in the swamp studded marshes of James’ Town, which was the first colony, they must had been upset, as they were primarily after valuable minerals: gold,

Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal Free Essays

Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal Ethics is defined as â€Å"the branch of philosophy concerned with evaluating human action†¦ meaning character, customs, or habitual uses, ethics encompasses a process of determining right conduct from wrong. † (Guido, 2010, p. 3). We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nurses are confronted with numerous ethical dilemmas that are intertwined with legal issues. Concepts of ethical and legal concepts are frequently interplayed and decisions between the two are often intricate. One must go through steps of the critical decision process and contemplation among the four lenses for the best solution. The four lenses include the Rights and Responsibility lens, the Results lens, the Relationships lens, and the Reputation lens. (Ethicgame, 2012). Based on moral, value and virtual one can come to the best decision going through each lens. Two scenarios were presented in the ethic simulation game. The first one involved a 16- year- old girl in active labor, whose parents are adamant on limiting medical assistance and pain relief. Their decision was based on bad premise of religious belief to â€Å"punish† the patient for premarital pregnancy. The ethical dilemma in this case is that the patient is a minor, and legally the parents are entitled to make decisions regarding her care. Ethically, as nurse we are in a position to do no harm and provide adequate care to the patient. In the simulation, question of many aspect of decision- making were raised. Course of action to take, stakeholders and how their perspective role will be influence by my decision were analyzed. Rights and responsibility and the result lens were used to make the decision in the simulation. The ethical thing to do in this situation is to advocate for the most vulnerable, which in this case is the patient who is a miner. Although her parents have the legal right, their intention was to â€Å"punish† and not for the patient’s best interest. Appeasing the parents would result in defying our duty as a nurse of nonmaleficence but going against their wishes may result in lawsuit. Additionally to challenge the parents of their intentions may introduce negative feelings and violate their right to autonomy. Although the parents disapprove of their daughter’s premarital pregnancy, they would not want any harm to come to her. Through educating the parents on the severity of the circumstances they can be guided, and not forced, to make the right decision. The second scenario presents an unconscious patient whose same-sex domestic partner was denied access for visitation. The written policy of the hospital is to treat domestic partners like married couples. The supervisor that made the call used their own interpretation of the policy clouded by their own agenda. The ethical dilemma in this situation is that equal rights that allow the same accessibility for domestic partner should be provided without discrimination to gender. The organization’s core value was clearly violated here, and interventions need to be made. Relationship lens and the Reputation lens were used in this scenario along with nurse’s duty to treat everyone as equals. It is basic human rights to have their own support system in a time of need. Especially in the case where the patient is unconscious, their domestic partner would be the one person who understands their wants and needs. It is unethical to deny visitation privileges based on race, religion, sexual orientation, color, or disability. In cases where it is medical appropriate, visitation privileges should not be restricted. Advocating for an unconscious patient of their domestic partner’s visitation rights would be in our ethical principle of beneficence. Concepts in the simulation jolt recalls of various scenarios in my workplace where ethical decision had to be made. Working in a long-term acute care facility, I encounter numerous patients who are unconscious or are pronounce medically incapable of making their own decisions. As a trusted health care professional, we are the patients’ voice who cannot speak for themselves. My second job I work as a supervisor for a convalescent hospital. Working in this modern day with very culturally diverse population as a supervisor I would need to set the tone for my organization. Legal, medical, and ethical ramifications are considered and carefully analyzed for situations in both of my jobs. Struggling with complex ethical decisions is frequent as nurses. The model in the ethics simulation game provides the importance of assessment needed by utilizing the four lenses. The most ethical decision is often not the easiest one to make. Ethics has personal value attached and varies upon each individual. Working for leaders who values ethics and staff who understands the same values is a must for the best outcome. Advocating for the patient at times means jumping through hoops. Setting our personal agenda and interest aside is a basic requirement as a healthcare professional. The team needs a leader that can assess a situation and use appropriate judgments to come up with the best solution. Medical, legal, ethical consequences must be considered in complicated situations regardless of different values. As one with authority, it is important to be committed to inspire and motivate others based on the organization’s core value. To have the knowledge and tools to assess and the best course of action proves to be crucial to generate the best solution. References EthicsGame. com (2012). Ethics Lens Inventory. Retrieved August 30, 2012 from http://www. ethicsgame. com/Exec/Doorway/List. aspx Guido. G. W. (2010). Legal ethical issues in nursing (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. How to cite Ethics Game Simulation Reflective Journal, Essay examples